# Causality
- When $a \rightarrow b$ then $a$ might have caused $b$
- We say event $a$ happens before event $b$ ($a \rightarrow b$) iff:
- $a$ and $b$ occurred at the same node, and $a$ occurred before $b$ in that node’s local execution order
- $a$ is the sending of some message $m$ and $b$ is the receipt of that same message $m$ (assuming sent messages are unique)
- there exists some $c$ such that $a \rightarrow c$ and $c \rightarrow b$
- We say event $a$ happens before event $b$ ($a \rightarrow b$) iff:
# Concurrency
- When $a \parallel b$ then $a$ cannot have cause $b$ (and vice versa)
- Concurrent does not mean simultaneous, it means two things did not know about each other when they occurred (a is concurrent with b is written as $a \parallel b$)
# Causal Order
- $\prec$ is a causal order, it is consistent with causality, a strict total order on events